How centrifugal pumps work-with video

entrifugal pumps are the most common type of pump used in industry, agriculture, municipal (water and wastewater plants), power generation plants, petroleum and many other industries.

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They are the primary pump type in the class of pumps called “kinetic” pumps and are distinctly different than “positive displacement” pumps.

All centrifugal pumps include a shaft-driven impeller that rotates (usually at 1750 or 3500 RPM) inside a casing.

The impeller is always submerged in water, and when the pump is operational the impeller spins rapidly.

The centrifugal force applied to the water from this rotation forces the water outside of the casing, where it exits a discharge port.

More liquid is introduced through a suction port, or inlet.

The velocity imparted to the liquid by the impeller is converted to pressure energy or “head”.

Centrifugal pumps are unique because they can provide high or very high flowrates (much higher than most positive displacement pumps) and because their flowrate varies considerably with changes in the Total Dynamic Head (TDH) of the particular piping system.

This allows the flowrate to be “throttled” considerably with a simple valve placed into the discharge piping, without causing excessive pressure buildup in the piping or requiring a pressure relief valve.

Therefore, centrifugal pumps can cover a very wide range of liquid pumping applications.

As described above, one key advantage of centrifugal pumps is the ability to “throttle” their flowrates over a wide range.

Throttling centrifugal pumps with a discharge valve is not as energy-efficient as using a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) to slow the pump/motor speed down, but it is much less expensive to install.

Of course, throttling a centrifugal pump’s flowrate has certain limits.